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Table 1 Different meanings and concepts of “retrospective diagnosis”

From: Retrospective diagnosis of a famous historical figure: ontological, epistemic, and ethical considerations

Category of investigation

Meaning and concept

Retrospective Diagnosis in Clinical Medicine

Diagnosis that is made by hindsight, such as after the knowledge of postmortem examination, laboratory tests, and forensic examination

Retrospective Diagnosis in Psychiatry

Pathography, or a psychiatric diagnosis made from written products

Retrospective Diagnosis of a Famous Historical Figure

Diagnosis of a deceased famous historical figure based on biography and other documents and artifacts

Retrospective Diagnosis of Historical Diseases

Scientific identification of historical diseases based on archeological material, documents and artifacts