Table 1 Characteristics of meta-analysis studies on the Moral Distress Nurses
From: The severity of moral distress in nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Author, year, [Reference] | Country | Sample size | frequency | intensity | Score Scale | Service location | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mahdavi, 2017, [21] | Iran | 125 | 1.4 ± 0.58 | 1.7 ± 0.92 | 0–4 | Emergency | High |
Robaee, 2018, [22] | Iran | 120 | 2.19 ± 0.58 | – | 0–4 | Health centers | High |
O’Connell, 2014, [23] | USA | 31 | 1.71 | – | 0–4 | Health centers | High |
Fernandez-Parsons, 2013, [24] | USA | 61 | 3.18 | – | 0–4 | Health centers | High |
Piers, 2011, [25] | Belgium | 222 | 1.05 ± 0.65 | 2.26 ± 1.17 | 0–4 | Elderly nurse | Medium |
Pauly, 2009, [26] | Canada | 38 | 1.31 ± 0.72 | – | 0–4 | Health centers | High |
Ameri, 2012, [27] | Iran | 148 | 2.13 ± 0.44 | 2.08 ± 0.36 | 0–4 | oncology | High |
Jolaei, 2013, [28] | Iran | 210 | 1.77 ± 0.91 | – | 0–4 | ICU, CCU, Emergency | High |
Laurs, 2019, [29] | Lithuania | 621 | 0.57 | 1.02 | 0–4 | Health centers | Medium |
Borhani-1, 2015, [30] | Iran | 160 | 4.25 ± 0.25 | – | 0–5 | ICU | Medium |
Borhani-2, 2015, [30] | Iran | 53 | 3.0 ± 0.88 | – | 0–5 | CCU | High |
Borhani-3, 2015, [30] | Iran | 35 | 3.99 ± 0.50 | – | 0–5 | NICU | High |
Borhani-4, 2015, [30] | Iran | 32 | 2.6 ± 0.72 | – | 0–5 | Oncology | High |
Borhani-5, 2015, [30] | Iran | 20 | 2.8 ± 0.65 | – | 0–5 | Dialysis | High |
Sarkoohijabalbarezi, 2016, [31] | Iran | 120 | 2.68 ± 0.75 | – | 0–5 | Children’s sections | High |
Saleh, 2018, [32] | Iran | 172 | 0.62 ± 2.01 | 0.89 ± 3.11 | 0–5 | NICU | Medium |
Jeon-1, 2019, [33] | Korea | 96 | 3.42 | – | 0–5 | end-of-life care | High |
Jeon-2, 2019, [33] | Korea | 72 | 3.16 | – | 0–5 | Burn | High |
Mohammadi-1, 2014, [34] | Iran | 260 | 3.9 ± 0.55 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 0–5 | Health centers | High |
Mohammadi-2, 2014, [35] | Iran | 330 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0–5 | Health centers | Medium |
AbbasZadeh, 2013, [36] | Iran | 220 | 2.11 ± 0.56 | 2.25 ± 0.6 | 0–5 | Health centers | High |
Mohammadi-Nafchi, 2013, [37] | Iran | 300 | 3.24 ± 0.43 | 2.7 ± 0.57 | 0–5 | Health centers | High |
Dyo, 2016, [38] | USA | 426 | 2.6 ± 0.11 | 2.5 ± 0.19 | 0–6 | ICU, NICU | High |
Hamaideh, 2014, [39] | Jordan | 130 | 4.89 ± 2.04 | – | 0–6 | mental health nurses | High |
Ohnishi, 2010, [40] | Japan | 264 | 4.89 ± 2.04 | 4.03 ± 1.79 | 0–6 | mental health nurses | High |
Pauly, 2009, [26] | Canada | 38 | – | 5.63 ± 0.69 | 0–6 | Health centers | High |
Zuzelo, 2007, [41] | USA | 97 | 2.3 ± 1.65 | 3.64 ± 2.19 | 0–6 | Health centers | High |
Rathert, 2015, [42] | USA | 280 | 3.13 ± 1.32 | – | 0–6 | Health centers | High |
DeKeyser, 2011, [43] | Israel | 119 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 3.80 ± 1.0 | 0–6 | ICU | Medium |
Tavakol, 2014, [44] | Iran | 60 | 4.5 ± 0.88 | – | 1–7 | CCU | High |
Abaszadeh, 2012, [45] | Iran | 140 | 5.041 ± 0.879 | – | 1–7 | Health centers | High |
Burton, 2020, [46] | USA | 57 | 5.25 | – | 1–7 | NICU | High |
Abbasi, 2018, [47] | Iran | 13 | 5.12 + 2.70 | – | 1–7 | ICU | High |
Vaziri-1, 2015, [48] | Iran | 111 | 5.06 ± 0.179 | – | 1–7 | CCU | Medium |
Vaziri-2, 2015, [48] | Iran | 89 | 4.96 ± 0.091 | – | 1–7 | ICU | High |
Vaziri-3, 2015, [48] | Iran | 107 | 3.95 ± 1.516 | – | 1–7 | Internal | Medium |
Vaziri-4, 2015, [48] | Iran | 93 | 5.0 ± 0.097 | – | 1–7 | Surgery | High |
Vaziri-5, 2015, [48] | Iran | 125 | 4.50 ± 0.280 | – | 1–7 | NICU | High |
Vaziri-6, 2015, [48] | Iran | 141 | 5.0 ± 0.169 | – | 1–7 | Operating room | High |
Vaziri-7, 2015, [48] | Iran | 88 | 5.26 ± 0.259 | – | 1–7 | EMS | High |
Vaziri-8, 2015, [48] | Iran | 73 | 5.08 ± 0.416 | – | 1–7 | ENT | High |
Vaziri-9, 2015, [48] | Iran | 95 | 4.37 ± 0.391 | – | 1–7 | Ophthalmology | High |
Dalmolin, 2014, [49] | Brazil | 334 | 3.69 | – | 1–7 | Health centers | High |
Mason, 2014, [50] | USA | 26 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | – | 1–7 | ICU | Medium |
Molazem, 2013, [51] | Iran | 30 | 4.57 ± 1.03 | – | 1–7 | CCU | Medium |
Browning, 2013, [52] | USA | 227 | 5.34 ± 1.32 | – | 1–7 | ICU | High |
Elpern, 2005, [53] | USA | 100 | 3.94 | 5.15 | 1–7 | ICU | Medium |
Etebari, 2016, [54] | Iran | 118 | 108.25 ± 24.18 | – | 0–216 | ICU | High |
Behbodi-1, 2018, [55] | Iran | 60 | 37.48 ± 36.39 | – | 0–216 | Children’s sections | High |
Behbodi-2, 2018, [55] | Iran | 51 | 58.02 ± 36.47 | – | 0–216 | NICU | High |
Shafipour, 2015, [56] | Iran | 172 | – | 105.65 ± 52.39 | 0–216 | Burn Sections | High |
Mardani-1, 2016, [57] | Iran | 114 | 136 ± 4.8 | – | 0–216 | Health centers | High |
Mardani-2, 2016, [57] | Iran | 81 | 124 ± 4.2 | – | 0–216 | Health centers | High |
Meziane-1, 2018, [58] | Canada | 19 | 107.97 ± 59.37 | – | 0–216 | End-of-life care | High |
Meziane-2, 2018, [58] | Canada | 16 | 100.28 ± 54.67 | – | 0–216 | End-of-life care | High |
Asayesh, 2018, [59] | Iran | 117 | 76.48 ± 13.57 | 74.45 ± 11.08 | 0–216 | ICU | High |
Hatamizadeh-1, 2018, [60] | Iran | 223 | 40.87 ± 10.41 | 63.19 ± 15.95 | 0–216 | Health centers | High |
Hatamizadeh-2, 2018, [60] | Iran | 53 | 40.32 ± 10.80 | 66.56 ± 12.54 | 0–216 | Health centers | High |
Ajoudani, 2019, [61] | Iran | 278 | 91.02 ± 35.26 | – | 0–216 | Health centers | High |
Ghasemi, 2019, [62] | Iran | 125 | 106.41 ± 61.64 | – | 0–216 | Children’s sections | High |
Asgari, 2019, [63] | Iran | 142 | 87.02 ± 44.56 | – | 0–216 | ICU | High |
Sirilla, 2017, [64] | USA | 134 | 94.97 (44.57 to 134.58) | – | 0–216 | ICU | High |
Soleimani-1, 2016, [65] | Iran | 12 | 95.83 ± 16.38 | – | 0–216 | CCU | High |
Soleimani-2, 2016, [65] | Iran | 58 | 98.72 ± 14.69 | – | 0–216 | ICU | High |
Soleimani-3, 2016, [65] | Iran | 20 | 91.85 ± 12.89 | – | 0–216 | Emergency | High |
Soleimani-4, 2016, [65] | Iran | 48 | 92.52 ± 15.11 | – | 0–216 | Medical | High |
Soleimani-5, 2016, [65] | Iran | 20 | 90.5 ± 17.25 | – | 0–216 | Surgical | High |
Soleimani-6, 2016, [65] | Iran | 6 | 82.16 ± 15.21 | – | 0–216 | Pediatric | High |
Soleimani-7, 2016, [65] | Iran | 3 | 84.66 ± 28.37 | – | 0–216 | Dialysis | High |
Soleimani-8, 2016, [65] | Iran | 8 | 98.75 ± 14.61 | – | 0–216 | Nursing office as superviso | High |
Soleimani-9, 2016, [65] | Iran | 18 | 99.0 ± 18.83 | – | 0–216 | Operation room | High |
Zavotsky, 2016, [66] | USA | 198 | 80.19 ± 53.27 | – | 0–216 | Emergency | High |
Borhani, 2017, [67] | Iran | 153 | 44.8 ± 16.6 | – | 0–216 | ICU | Medium |
Karagozoglu, 2017, [68] | Turkey | 200 | 70.81 ± 48.23 | – | 0–216 | ICU | High |
Woods, 2014, [69] | New Zealand | 412 | 51.91 ± 36 | – | 0–216 | Health centers | High |
De Villers -1, 2014, [70] | USA | 66 | 85.71 ± 23.42 | 143.99 ± 57.45 | 0–216 | CCN | High |
De Villers -2, 2014, [70] | USA | 28 | 79.86 ± 20.37 | 129.21 ± 54.48 | 0–216 | nCCN | High |
Papathanassoglou, 2012, [71] | England | 225 | 73.67 ± 39.19 | – | 0–216 | ICU | High |
Abdolmaleki, 2018, [72] | Iran | 187 | 47.49 ± 14.01 | 49.32 ± 16.80 | 0–216 | Health centers | Medium |
Trautmann, 2015, [73] | USA | 246 | 74.4 ± 39.6 | – | 0–216 | Emergency | High |
Hamric, 2007, [74] | USA | 29 | 44.61 ± 22.59 | – | 0–216 | ICU | High |
Saeedi, 2018, [75] | Iran | 55 | 49.02 + 19.21 | 53.65 + 12.18 | 0–216 | ICU | High |